History of computers
In past, computers were as big as building and more than one people could use it at time. The computer could perform only one task at a time.
Later came persona computers where one computer for one person.
But now a person uses more than one computer in the forms like laptop, desktop computer, smart watch , mobile phone. hence we have one user but many computers.
Moore's Law
Our Computer is a digital computer it is based on a transistor. There signal or no signal.
Moore was working with intel. He discovered every 18 months the no.of transistor we can squeeze into same real-estate same service is double. For Example:
if we squeeze 1 million transistor in space like this. In 18 months we can squeeze 2 million that allows us to produce smaller and smaller computers.
Ubiquitous Computer
Ubiquitous Computer was coined by Mark Weiser. He said most profound technologies are those that disappear, disappear means you can't see it. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.
For Example: you can't see, because it becomes part of your life. Smart watch is a computer but you don't see it as a computer. Smart watch it is a computer it has display, microphone, messages can be read, has internet.
Computer Reaches Out
Interface as hardware: In the beginning, computers were as big as building. At that time the term programmer did not exist. Computer had to be wired physically. Only engineers were able to program those computers.
Interface as software: Here, the computer consists of both hardware and software that allows the computer perform different kind of things.
Interface as terminal: In past for programming, they used a paper and punched it and made holes in certain areas that represent 1 and 0 because it is digital computer. Later , the papers were placed in a reader for hours and computer process it. then we have to decode the result. If there is error the whole process must be repeated.
but now if we run the code in python we immediately get to know the error and errors can be corrected in seconds. hence this id termed as interface as terminal.
Interface as dialogue: When we type our python program some python IDLE can suggest like when we type pri, it suggests print we click print .
Virtual Assistance like Alexa, Siri are examples of interface as dialogue.
Interface as work setting: it Addresses not only one person but group of persons.
some of the platforms like zoom, Microsoft teams and etc.
Activity 1
The first computer I used was Toshiba satellite, when I was about seven years old. It huge in size and was quite heavy laptop. I used it for playing games ,watching YouTube, researching and for school work.
Intelligent Environment
Intelligent environment is things that are connected over the network and these things are controlled by a intelligent software agent.
For example : In science Fiction movies, there is a super computer controlling everything like doors, AC , heaters, access and etc.
Smart vs Intelligent
Smart - it will act when it sense something if it is not programmed for that it will not act.
For example: when the AC set at the temperature 22 degree for cooling the room with temperature 25 degree. it becomes smart because it sense the temperature in the room and cool down the room accordingly.
when the AC set at the temperature 22 degree for cooling the room with the temperature 25 degree. it thinks there nobody in the room why should I cool it down. Then , it becomes intelligent.
Smart City
Smart City means a city that is suppose to liv smart, it can sense something not necessary intelligent as it can be dangerous. The idea is that there must be many sensors and infrastructure within the city.
For Example:
City covered with 5G network and Wi-Fi. Smart Sensors like the light sensors. The street lights that are supposed to turn on when it is dark. The old system will be based on a timer. We need a light sensor to check if the sky is dark no matter what is it turn on the light .
Sensors
Sensors are devices that translate any physical properties into a electrical signal whereas analog or digital signal. some of the physical phenomena's are light, sound, heat, temperature that our computer cannot see, but with the help of sensors it can.
Examples:
When the sunlight falls on the mobile screen it increases brightness so that is comfortable for user to view.
Suppose you are hearing a song but you don't know the singer or songs name. you can just make google assistant hear the song. and gives the result. here sound sensor has been used.
A Ac has a heat sensor embedded. heat sensor helps it sense the temperature and maintain the temperature.
Strain and Pressure Sensors
Pressure Sensor - pressure sensor can be seen digital scale, tyre pressure monitor. It uses mechanism that measure the pressure the more pressure signal.
Pressure can vary , for example : pressure on 1st floor of a building is more than of 5th floor.
Position, Direction, Motion Sensors
Xbox, Nintendo they have sensors to detect the position. There is simple sensor called shake detector if you shake it will just make a noise. GPS to sense location.
Light, Radiation and Temperature Sensors
This is a camera having temperature sensor that can detect the temperature. if the temperature is above the average , provides a alert signal.
Infrared sensor is used to detect the presence of human. for example, It is placed in the parking lot , if there is someone it turns on lights. If nobody is around it will turn off automatically.
Sound Sensor
Usually in a opera , they have microphone in different corners. These microphones are wired together and connected to a computer. The computer will calculate and control the amount of volume. it controls the sound emitted from the speakers. Hence, the audience is able to hear a pleasant sound not to loud or soft.
Solid, liquid, Gasses Sensor
Smart watches has ability count the heart rate through the light below the watch that reads the blood flow.
Gas sensor is used to detect gas leakage. detect if co2 is more in a room.
Cameras
High resolution cameras to catch people not wearing mask.
Catch number plates of cars speeding.
Wearable Sensors
Some military officers have body cameras that they carry around.
Some people embody themselves with RFID chip.
For Example:
when they want to open a door, they can just tap their hand and door would open.
Activity 2
Sensors on a smart phone:
Face recognition - camera
Finger Recognition - Touch sensor, ultrasonic sensor
GPS tracker
Touch sensor
Networked Sensors
When more than one sensors are connected to gather are termed as networked sensor.
A collection of sensors working together to collect data or information to send them to one or more computers.
Data logging
As discussed earlier, those sensors if collected to a server has the ability to store data. This allows us to analyze the data and pattern and helps us to predictions.
For Example:
A watch collecting heart rate and keeps the records. it collects our heartrate time-to-time and has the log. It can predict, if their are any up an downs in the patterns. it will send a alert a signal, before we get sick and suggest us to take care of health, drink more water and take rest because you are above to get sick.
Actuators
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